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Spiritual (music)
Spirituals (or Negro spirituals)〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://newdeal.feri.org/library/ae36.htm )〕 are religious (generally Christian) songs that were created by enslaved African people in the United States. Spirituals were originally an oral tradition that imparted Christian values while also describing the hardships of slavery.〔 Although spirituals were originally unaccompanied monophonic (unison) songs, they are best known today in harmonized choral arrangements. This historic group of uniquely American songs is now recognized as a distinct genre of music.
==Terminology and origin==
The term ''spiritual'' is derived from ''spiritual song'', and derives from the King James Bible's translation of Ephesians 5:19 says: "Speaking to yourselves in psalms and hymns and spiritual songs, singing and making melody in your heart to the Lord."〔 ''Slave Songs of the United States'', the first major collection of Negro spirituals, was published in 1867.〔
Musicologist George Pullen Jackson extended the term ''spiritual'' to a wider range of folk hymnody, as in his 1938 book ''White Spirituals in the Southern Uplands'', but this does not appear to have been widespread usage previously. The term, however, has often been broadened to include subsequent arrangements into more standard European-American hymnodic styles, and to include post-emancipation songs with stylistic similarities to the original Negro spirituals.
Although numerous rhythmical and sonic elements of Negro spirituals can be traced to African sources, Negro spirituals are a musical form that is indigenous and specific to the religious experience in the United States of Africans and their descendants. They are a result of the interaction of music and religion from Africa with music and religion of European origin. Further, this interaction occurred only in the United States. Africans who converted to Christianity in other parts of the world, even in the Caribbean and Latin America, did not evolve this form.
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